施工実績

The computer off Separate Confinement

This new origins of the system are located regarding the work from early prison reformers, notably John Howard (1726–90) and Age Fry (1780–1845), horrified on clinical violations during the gaols in addition to their terrible use up all your away from hygiene, and you can vital of ineffective nature off present kinds of prison discipline. seven Formed because of the shared has an effect on regarding evangelicalism and you may Benthamite utilitarianism, reformers looked for significantly more discreet punishment and you can performs [Stop Page 81] regimes, albeit having conflicting agendas. Whenever you are evangelicals needed to keep sinners by the urging religious and you will moral reform, utilitarians sought industrious convicts whom you’ll help on their own and you can prisons by way of really works. 8 Of the very early 19th millennium campaigners who best industrial work inside the prisons got all but lost out to spiritual reformers which insisted towards the done separation plus the position of reflection and prayer, criticizing prisons applying work regimes getting annoying inmates regarding the religious meditation essential reform. During the 1791 Gloucestershire magistrate, Sir George Onesiphorous Paul, lead a regimen out-of complete breakup inside the county gaol, which have solitary tissues in which prisoners did and you can shown on the religious tracts, benefitted from the spiritual advice available with chaplains, and you will suffered with punitive treadwheel get it done and you may a minimal diet. Anyone else, particularly George Laval Chesterton, governor out of Cool Bath Areas Prison within the Middlesex (lengthened 1794), served the silent system in which breakup in tissue for a long time the whole day greeting to possess spiritual meditation however, was and related labor. 9

The fresh Design Prison on Pentonville represented the culmination many age away from considering the relationship ranging from punishment and you can reformation, and you can experimentation that have penitentiary regimes and you can structures

The development of this new separate system and its own Pentonville incarnation was most closely of several determined advocates, William Crawford and you will Rev. William Whitworth Russell, ardent supporters regarding spiritual and you will moral reform. Crawford was a founder associate and assistant of People to possess the improvement regarding Prison Discipline and you may Reformation out of Juvenile Culprits in 1815, and you may a typical invitees so you can and critic of London prisons. Immediately following are accredited when you look at the 1833 from the family secretary to check out and create a summary of Western prisons and penal suggestions, the guy turned into “entranced” by the program running a business from the East Condition Penitentiary when you look at the Philadelphia, created in 1829, which shared separate mobile confinement inside a features-dependent establishment, that have “check outs out-of a power out-of reformatory team.” ten In his consider, it was much better than the repressive hushed program from the Auburn Prison into the Ny, having its associated food [End Page 82] and work, in which quiet are implemented because of the flogging. Into the 1830 Russell was designated chaplain so you’re able to Millbank Penitentiary, unsealed when you look at the 1816 as the a showcase jail having independent muscle and you can unique in becoming in person administered from the central regulators. Within this standing, Russell centered great-power, which have scarcely faster power than Millbank’s governor, when he brought new prisoners’ moral and spiritual training and undertook private telephone visits. When you look at the 1831 and you may once again in 1835 Russell gave proof to pick Committees on the prison change advocating single cellular confinement, and you will agreeing having https://besthookupwebsites.org/raya-dating-review/ Crawford towards the quality of your separate program because the exemplified within the Philadelphia. Inside the 1835 Russell and Crawford have been appointed jail inspectors for London area, plus in feeling master inspectors guilty of national change. Their short-term provided informing the house secretary towards the newest prison legislation and you will arrangements, in addition they had been strenuous into the creating laws and regulations, openly criticizing magistrates and you will prison governors whom disagreed along with their sweeping reforms and campaign out-of independent confinement. 11

Russell and you may Crawford perform use a powerful influence on Pentonville’s attention and governance, and, despite good problem of their techniques at the start, stayed thoroughly confident in regards to the efficacy out of breakup along with a great good position so you’re able to impose their views. As well as Crawford and you can Russell, Pentonville’s board from eleven commissioners incorporated two physician players, Drs. Benjamin Brodie and you will Robert Ferguson, and you may Joshua Jebb, surveyor-general out-of prisons and you can Pentonville’s designer. a dozen New commissioners superintended Pentonville, revealing right to the brand new secretary of condition, and appointed their governor, principal scientific officers, and you may chaplains. thirteen From the start, although not, there have been divisions included in this. When you are Crawford and you will Russell firmly recommended the fresh independent system, Jebb is a great deal more safeguarded in the partnership, supporting a small expand out-of single mobile confinement, keen so you can funnel convict work and purchased the idea of punishment since the a deterrent. Particularly stress mirrored broader disputes certainly one of jail reformers and you will administrators on the the chance of the independent system. [End Page 83]